The Great Rift

 🔆The great rift : 

✅Africa's splitting plate  could give birth to a new ocean ,but with consequences

✅Scientists, in 2020, predicted a new ocean would be created as Africa gradually splits into two separate parts. 

✅The 3 plates....the Nubian African Plate, Somalian African Plate and Arabian Plate — are separating at different speeds.
✅The Arabian Plate is moving away from Africa at a rate of about an inch per year, while the two African plates are separating even slower.

Marine Plastic Pollution

 🔆MARINE PLASTIC POLLUTION

✅ Every year, humans produce 300 million tonnes of plastic waste including 11 million tonnes of plastic waste that eventually wind up in the ocean. In fact, by 2050, there could be more plastics than fish in the ocean. 
✅Most plastics never disappear instead, it becomes smaller, with particles being swallowed by fish and eventually consumed by Humans in their food and tap water.

▪️Sources of Marine Plastic Pollution :

✅Land-based sources : plastic waste entered the ocean from coastal populations living within 50 km of the coastline.
✅Ocean-based sources : Plastic waste can also enter the ocean directly from ocean-based sources such as the fishing industry, commercial and recreational shipping, and offshore platforms.

▪️Marine Plastics Survey in India : 

✅Under the Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction System (COMAPS) programme by the National Centre for Ocean Research of the Ministry of Earth Sciences, accumulation of marine debris was reported along the coast of Great Nicobar Island, Andaman. 
✅It is reported that 8% of the total solid waste produced is plastic waste and the top three cities that contribute most to pollution are Delhi, Kolkata, and Ahmedabad.
✅Plastic production in India increased by 39.7% and now stands at 9.46 million tonnes of plastic waste per year when five years ago it was 5.7 million tonnes per year.
✅However only 15% of the plastic waste produced is recycled in India and the rest is sent to landfills, incinerators, or dumped into the oceans and rivers. 
✅0.6 million tonnes of plastic waste end up in oceans from India alone via rivers, surface run-off etc. The Ganges discharges about 105000 tonnes of plastic waste into the Bay of Bengal every year.

▪️Gulf of Mannar Biosphere

✅It is situated in Tamil Nadu and extends from Rameswaram to Kanyakumari. 
✅Horst- Graben structure, the 
prevalence of monsoon, two courses of drift in water currents, Cenozoic sedimentary functions and riverine processes make the Gulf of Mannar biosphere ideal for a lot of marine biota and stable marine ecosystems.

▪️Challenges

✅Abandoned, Lost, or Discarded Fishing Gear (ALDFG) is a serious problem worldwide. Most of these wastes are due to shipping or fishing accidents, bad weather, etc.
✅While most of the lost gears are retrieved by the fishers, the little that remains causes serious problems to the marine ecosystems. A lot of species are killed by these wastes, and since they do not decompose easily, they keep killing various organisms throughout their lifetime.
✅About 20% of all the plastic debris in the oceans is from ALDFG according to UNEP.

▪️Microplastics

✅Microplastic is about 5mm in diameter and is always disposed into the environment through anthropogenic sources.
✅They are particularly hard to locate, track and study as they are smaller. Another major issue with microplastics is that they show a high affinity to other toxicants, making them more dangerous to the ingesting them. 
✅One of the main plastics, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), is found in clothes and when these clothes are washed small plastics known as microplastics are released.

▪️Swachh Sagar, Surakshit Sagar

✅Commemorating the 75th year of India's independence, a coastal cleanup drive was carried out at 75 beaches across the country for 75 days over 7500 km long coastline. 
✅This unique first-ever national campaign culminated on "International Coastal Clean-up Day" on 17 September 2022.

▪️Conclusion

✅ Many industries employ plastic in various products due to its nature and ease of production. They have certainly helped us enhance the efficiency of products.
✅The major challenge, however, is the segregation and re-aggregation of plastic waste stream such as packaging 
waste, including laminated plastic.

#environment
#pollution
#prelims
#mains

Source yojana

defence procurement

 The expenditure on defence procurement

from foreign sources has now reduced to 36.7%

Vembanad Lake

 🔆Vembanad Lake

✅ Why In News: Vembanad lake, is shrinking and its unique biodiversity is under threat of ecological decay despite it being declared as a Ramsar site 20 years ago

✅Environmental Degradations: the lake is facing serious environmental degradation
✅Causes: recurring floods, increased pollution, reduction in water spread area and increased weed growth
Bunds on the lake were crumbling at certain places, making fishing difficult and on top of that the lake requires regular dredging and desilting.
✅Tourism poses a threat to the ecology nd the water quality of the lake. Resorts and residences discharge their waste into the river and many houseboats do not have bio-toilets.

#lakes_series
#Places_in_news

Bangalore-Mysuru Expressway

The New Bangalore-Mysuru Expressway which will be dedicated to the nation tomorrow…!!

Srimukhalingam temple

🔆 Srimukhalingam temple

↪️ Union government urged to include Srimukhalingam temple in UNESCO list.

🔸 The Srimukhalingam temple was also known as Kalinganagaram.

🔸 It was the capital of the early Eastern Ganga Dynasty.

↪️ Located in Jalumuru mandal of Srikakulam district Andhra Pradesh, near Vamsadhara River.

↪️ Constructed in the 9th century CE , it is built in the Kalinga architectural style.

↪️ Dedicated to lord Srimukha Lingeswara (a form of Shiva).

↪️ Here, Shiva Lingams do not have facial carvings and hence the temple differs from other shiva temples.

🔸 It is also known as Dakshina Kaasi.
↪️ It is believed that visiting this temple and taking a dip in the river relieves one from the cycle of rebirth.

#GS1

The 5th edition of the Kochi-Muziris

🔘The 5th edition of the Kochi-Muziris

In News

The 5th edition of the Kochi-Muziris Biennale opens on December 12, 2022, displaying works of over 90 artists from across the globe in varied media.

About

◾️The Kochi Muziris Biennale was founded in 2011 by Kerala-born, Mumbai-based artists Bose Krishnamachari and Riyas Komu.

◾️It aims to “create a platform that will introduce contemporary, global visual art theory and practice to India”.

◾️A biennale is an international large-scale showcase of art that takes place every two years at a particular site, centred around a curatorial theme.

◾️The theme for 2022: “In Our Views Flow Ink and Fire”.

◾️One of the most prestigious and oldest biennales in the world is the Venice Biennale, which was established through a resolution by the city council in 1893 to celebrate national artistic talent.

◾️Biennales often named after the host city, become a reason for local pride, promoting cultural tourism and generating revenue through visitors.

Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (SISFS)

🔆Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (SISFS)

✅Aim: provide financial assistance to startups for proof of concept, prototype development, product trials, market-entry & commercialization.
✅Nodal Department: Department for Promotion of Industry & Internal Trade, under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry.
✅An Experts Advisory Committee (EAC) has been created by DPIIT to execute and monitor the Startup India Seed Fund Scheme.
✅Eligibility conditions for startups: A startup, recognized by DPIIT, incorporated not more than 2 years ago at the time of application.
✅Individual entrepreneurs are not eligible to apply for support under the scheme. Only DPIIT-recognized startups can apply for this scheme.
✅Shareholding by Indian promoters in the startup should be at least 51% at the time of application to the incubator for the scheme.

#government_scheme

Vikram S rocket

🔆Vikram S rocket

✅ Why in News:  On November 18, 2022, Hyderabad-based Skyroot Aerospace scripted history by becoming the first private Indian organisation to launch a rocket from Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)’s launchpad in Sriharikota.

▪️Vikram S rocket:

✅It is a part of Mission Prarambh, which means the beginning.
✅It is a sub-orbital rocket, which reached outer space and then splashed into the sea.
✅Has payload capacity of up to 300 kilograms.
✅Vikram-S used solid fuel-ammonium perchlorate, which is not completely green fuel.
✅With Vikram-2, it is planned to use liquefied natural gas (LNG), which is greener compared with traditional kerosene fuel.

▪️Mechanisms of Vikram S:

✅There are four spin thrusters, which will generate the rocket’s spin and stability so that it doesn’t deviate from the trajectory.
✅Max-Q is the maximum stress on the rocket and is experienced during the lift-off.
✅At around 23 seconds, the rocket achieves five times the speed of sound or Mach 5.
✅‘Apogee’ is the maximum point after which it descends, falls back and splashes down into the sea.
✅It takes around two and a half minutes to reach the Apogee and another two and a half minutes to splash down.

▪️Technologies used:

✅carbon composites: porous structure made of carbon and carbon fibre and four times lighter and has higher strength than steel.
✅The lighter the rocket, the more payload we can use.
✅3D printing: reduces the cycle time by 90 per cent compared with traditional methods and allows to build complex shapes.
✅Cycle time is the time required to manufacture a component.
✅Cost-effectiveness
✅Efficient technology
✅Utilising existing govt infrastructure
✅Operating out of India

▪️About Skyroot Aerospace:

✅It is an Indian private aerospace manufacturer and commercial launch service provider headquartered in Hyderabad.
✅Mandates: cutting-edge innovation and cost-effectiveness
Next launch will be Vikram-1, an orbital vehicle that puts satellites into orbit.
✅Vikram-2 will have a higher capacity than Vikram-1.
✅Skyroot Aerospace focuses on reusability of rockets.

#science_and_technology
#prelims

🔆India-Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) to pursue resumption of FTA Negotiations

🔆India-Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) to pursue resumption of FTA Negotiations

✅The Government of India and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) announced the intent to pursue negotiations on the India-GCC Free Trade Agreement (FTA). 

♻️India-GCC FTA :

✅Both India and the GCC have acknowledged the need to expedite the conclusion of the FTA negotiations. 

✅The FTA between the two is envisaged to be an advanced and comprehensive agreement that covers wide aspects of goods and services. 

✅The FTA between India and the GCC is expected to help create new jobs, better living standards, and provide increased social and economic opportunities to India and the GCC countries. 

✅Both sides have agreed to expand and diversify the trade basket in line with the huge potential existing because of the complementary business and economic ecosystems of India and the GCC. 

♻️India-GCC Trade Relations :

✅At present, GCC is India’s largest trading partner bloc with bilateral trade in FY 2021-22 crossing $154 billion with exports being valued at about $44 billion and imports at $110 billion. 

✅The bilateral trade in services between India and the GCC was valued at around $14 billion in FY 2021-22 (Exports: $5.5 Billion and Imports: $8.3 Billion). 

✅Further, the GCC countries account for close to 35% of India’s total oil imports and 70% of overall gas imports.

✅India’s total crude oil imports from the GCC in 2021-22 were valued at $48 billion with LNG and LPG imports being valued at $21 billion. 

✅Also, the investments from the GCC in India are valued at over $18 billion.


#⃣Tag:   #GS2  #IR  #FTA #Pre

✳️ Mains: Trends in India-GCC Relations and the significance of FTA

IEC:-🔆International Electrotechnical Commission

🔆International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

✅India won the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Vice Presidency and Strategic Management Board (SMB) Chair for the 2023-25 term.

♻️International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) :

✅The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) was founded in 1906 in London.

✅IEC is the world’s leading organisation for the preparation and publication of international standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies which are collectively known as “electrotechnology”.

✅IEC International Standards serve as the basis for risk and quality management.

✅The IEC is a global not-for-profit membership organisation that helps collaborate with over 170 countries and coordinates the work of experts from across the world.

♻️Headquarters :

✅Geneva in Switzerland
Standardization Management Board (SMB) is an apex governance body of the IEC responsible for technical policy matters.

♻️India and IEC :

✅India started taking part in IEC in 1911 and subsequently, the then-Indian Standards Institution which is now the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) took over the responsibility of the Indian National Committee of IEC (INC-IEC) in 1949 from the Institution of Engineers. 

✅Since then the INC-IEC has been actively participating in the activities of the IEC both at the policy level and technical work and carrying out the responsibilities as a member body of the IEC Council.

✅The representation of BIS in policy and governance bodies of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and IEC ensures that Indian viewpoints on important strategic and policy matters are heard and also provides opportunities to align the national standardisation priorities with global best practices.

✅By securing about 90% of the votes cast by full members of IEC during its General Meeting held in San Francisco, USA, India’s representatives were elected as Vice President of IEC and the Chair of SMB for the 2023-25 term.

✅Vimal Mahendru will be the IEC Vice President representing India. 


#⃣Tag:   #GS2  #IR  #Commission  #Electrotechnology #Pre

Clouded leopardl

🔆Clouded leopard

✅Named after cloud shaped pattern on its skin.
✅It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.
✅It is the State animal of Meghalaya.
✅Dampa(mizoram) had one of the highest population densities of clouded leopards.
✅It has been added to India’s Recovery Programme for Critically Endangered Species to aid more research and strengthen conservation efforts.

🔆Habitat:
✅Clouded Leopard prefers grassland, shrubs, subtropical and dense tropical forest up to a height of 7,000 feet occurring from the Himalayan foothills through mainland Southeast Asia into China.
✅In India, it occurs in Sikkim, northern West Bengal, Meghalaya subtropical forests, Tripura, Mizoram, Manipur, Assam, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh.

HABITAT

■ HABITAT

◇ Habitat is the physical environment in which an organism lives (address of an organism).

◇ Many habitats make up the environment.

◇ A single habitat may be common for more than one organism which have similar requirements.
• For example, a single aquatic habitat may support a fish, frog, crab, phytoplankton, and many others.

◇ The various species sharing a habitat thus have the same ‘address’. E.g., forest, river, lake, etc.

🔆Exercise Naseem Al Bahr (Sea Breeze), 2022

🔆Exercise Naseem Al Bahr (Sea Breeze), 2022

✅Bilateral Exercise – Naseem Al Bahr conducted off the shore of Oman.

♻️Details :

✅Exercise Naseem Al Bahr is a biennial naval exercise between the Indian Navy (IN) and the Royal Navy of Oman (RNO), being conducted since 1993.

✅This year marks 30 years of IN-RNO bilateral exercise.

✅The Indian Navy’s guided missile stealth frigate – INS Trikand, offshore patrol vessel – INS Sumitra, and Maritime Patrol Aircraft – MPA) Dornier

participated

in the exercise.

✅The exercise was conducted in three phases – harbour phase, sea phase and debrief.

✅The harbour phase included professional interactions between IN and RNO operations teams and friendly sports fixtures between the two navies.

✅Indian Navy Ships Trikand and Sumitra, along with Royal Navy of Oman Ships Al Shinas and Al Seeb, sailed for the sea phase.

✅IN – MPA Dornier, RNO MPA and shore based RAFO fighter aircraft Hawks joined the exercise at sea. 

✅Debrief was conducted at the RNO Naval Base at Duqm.


#⃣Tag:   #GS3  #Security  #Exercise  #Pre

Chhau dance is a semi-classical

🔆 Chhau dance is a semi-classical Indian dance combining martial and folk traditions that originated in the Kalinga (Odisha) area from Mayurbhanj and spread to West Bengal and Jharkhand in various forms.

✳️ In 2010, it was included in the UNESCO’s Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

✅It is a tribal martial art dance that is mostly performed in the states of Odisha, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.

✅ Purulia Chhau (West Bengal), Seraikella Chhau (Jharkhand), and Mayurbhanj Chhau (Maharashtra) are the three subgenres of this dance based on their origin and development (Odisha).

✅ The dance is most commonly seen during the spring festival, which lasts 13 days. It involves the entire community.

✅ The dance is performed by male dancers at night in an open space. It is a fusion of dance and martial arts that employs mock combat techniques.

✅ The Chhau dance's theme is based on Hindu mythology.
Except for Mayurbhanj Chhau, the dancers wear masks during the performance.

United World Wrestling Rising Star honour:

         United World Wrestling Rising Star honour: 

 भारत की स्टार महिला रेसलर अंतिम पंघाल (Antim Panghal) को यूनाइटेड वर्ल्ड रेसलिंग राइजिंग स्टार ऑफ द ईयर सम्मान के लिए नामित किया गया है. अंतिम पंघाल इस वर्ष U20 रेसलिंग चैंपियनशिप 2022 में गोल्ड मेडल जीतने वाली पहली भारतीय बनी थी.   

अंतिम पंघाल हरियाणा के हिसार जिले के भगाना गांव की रहने वाली है. उनके पिता का नाम राम निवास और माता का नाम कृष्णा कुमारी है. उनके हाल के प्रदर्शन को देखते हुए यूनाइटेड वर्ल्ड रेसलिंग ने उन्हें इस अवार्ड के लिए नामित किया है.

अंतिम पंघाल ने इस साल भारत के पहले अंडर 20 वर्ल्ड चैंपियन बनकर इतिहास रच दिया था वह 53 किग्रा वर्ग में मौजूदा जूनियर एशियन चैंपियन भी हैं.

अंतिम पंघाल ने जूनियर वर्ल्ड मीट में गोल्ड मेडल जीता था, अंतिम पंघाल से पूर्व इस इवेंट के 44 संस्करणों में, छह भारतीय रेसलर फाइनल में पहुंचे थे लेकिन कोई गोल्ड नहीं जीत पाया था.

इस साल उन्होंने चार अंतरराष्ट्रीय टूर्नामेंटों में भाग लिया, जिसमे से उन्होंने 16 जीत मैच में जीत दर्ज की और एक में हार का सामना करना पड़ा. 
अंतिम पंघाल, U20 रेसलिंग चैंपियनशिप में गोल्ड जीतने वाली भारत की पहली रेसलर बनी है.

अंतिम पंघाल ने एशियन जूनियर चैंपियनशिप (2022) में गोल्ड और कैडेट वर्ल्ड चैंपियनशिप (2021) में ब्रॉन्ज मेडल भी जीता है साथ ही उन्होंने इस साल U23 एशियन चैंपियनशिप से सिल्वर मेडल भी जीता है.

अवार्ड के लिए अन्य नामित खिलाड़ी:
पंघाल के अलावा, इस अवार्ड के लिए चार अन्य रेसलर को भी नामित किया गया है. जिसमें जापान की नोनोका ओजाकी (Nonoka Ozaki), अमेरिका की अमित एलोर (Amit Elor), स्वीडन की एम्मा मालमग्रेन (Emma Malmgren) और रोमानिया की एंड्री एना (Andreea Ana) शामिल हैं.

यूनाइटेड वर्ल्ड रेसलिंग के बारें में:
यूनाइटेड वर्ल्ड रेसलिंग (UWW) रेसलिंग का अंतरराष्ट्रीय शासी निकाय है. इसकी स्थापना 1912 में की गयी थी जिसका मुख्यालय कोर्सियर-सुर-वेवे (लॉजेन) स्विट्ज़रलैंड में स्थित है.

IPL Auction 2023:

                              IPL Auction 2023: 

आईपीएल इतिहास के अब तक के सबसे महंगे खिलाड़ी इंग्लैंड के ऑलराउंडर सैम कर्रन (Sam Curran) बन गए है. सैम कर्रन पर पंजाब किंग्स ने 18.50 करोड़ रुपये की बोली लगाकर अपने टीम में शामिल कर लिया है. हाल के समय में वह जबरदस्त फॉर्म में भी चल रहे है.

इसमे खास बात एक यह भी है कि सैम पंजाब किंग्स के लिए इससे पहले खेल चुके है. पंजाब किंग्स ने आईपीएल इतिहास की सबसे बड़ी बोली लगाकर एक बार फिर उन्हें अपनी टीम में शामिल कर लिया है.

पंजाब किंग्स ने सैम कर्रन को 2019 में 7.2 करोड़ में ख़रीदा था. सैम कर्रन के पिता भी क्रिकेटर थे जिन्होंने जिम्बाब्वे की क्रिकेट टीम का 1983 के वर्ल्ड कप में प्रतिनिधित्व किया था. 

गौरतलब है कि आईपीएल के 16वें सीजन के लिए कोच्चि में खिलाड़ियों का मिनी ऑक्शन चल रहा है. जिसमें आईपीएल की सभी टीमें अपने पसंद के खिलाड़ियों को खरीदने में लगी है.

मुंबई इंडियन्स के हुए कैमरून ग्रीन:
ऑस्ट्रेलियाई ऑलराउंडर कैमरून ग्रीन को मुंबई इंडियन्स ने 17.50 करोड़ में अपने नाम किया. वह इस ऑक्शन में अब तक दूसरे सबसे महंगे प्लेयर बन गए है.

 

🔘Dharavi Redevelopment Project

In News

The Bombay High Court (HC) seeks the Dharavi redevelopment project authority’s reply to Public Interest Litigation (PIL) for removal of Mahim Nature Park from the Dharavi Redevelopment Project.

About

◾️Mahim Nature Park is a protected forest under Indian Forest Act, 1927.

◾️Dharavi Redevelopment Project is the makeover of Mumbai’s slum cluster, Dharavi.

◾️The project was initially mooted in 2004, but never got off the ground due to various reasons.

◾️Recently, the Adani Group won the bid for this project.

◾️It entails resettling 68,000 people, including slum dwellers and those with commercial establishments.

◾️A special purpose vehicle (SPV) is to be formed, with Adani as the lead partner.

◾️Adani will hold 80% equity in the SPV while the state government will hold 20%.

◾️The SPV will construct free housing for eligible slum residents, with amenities and infrastructure such as water and power supply, sewage disposal, piped gas, etc.

Sanskrit Problem In Panini’s ‘Ashtadhyayi’ Solved In News A grammatical problem that has defeated Sanskrit scholars since the 5th Century BC has finally been solved by Rishi Rajpopat, an Indian PhD student at the University of Cambridge. About ◾️Panini probably lived in the 4th century BC, the age of the conquests of Alexander and the founding of the Mauryan Empire, even though he has also been dated to the 6th century BC, the age of The Buddha and Mahavira. ◾️He likely lived in Salatura (Gandhara), which today would lie in north-west Pakistan, and was probably associated with the great university at Taksasila, which also produced Kautilya and Charaka. ◾️‘Ashtadhyayi’, or ‘Eight Chapters’, is an ancient text written by the scholar Panini towards the end of the 4th century BC. ◾️It is a linguistics text that set the standard for how Sanskrit was meant to be written and spoken. ◾️It delves deep into the language’s phonetics, syntax and grammar, and also offers a ‘language machine’, where one can feed in the root and suffix of any Sanskrit word, and get grammatically correct words and sentences in return. ◾️The Ashtadhyayi laid down more than 4,000 grammatical rules. ◾️Later Indian grammars such as the Mahabhasya of Patanjali (2nd century BC) and the Kasika Vritti of Jayaditya and Vamana (7th century AD), were mostly commentaries on Panini

 

🔘Sanskrit Problem In Panini’s ‘Ashtadhyayi’ Solved

In News

A grammatical problem that has defeated Sanskrit scholars since the 5th Century BC has finally been solved by Rishi Rajpopat, an Indian PhD student at the University of Cambridge.

About

◾️Panini probably lived in the 4th century BC, the age of the conquests of Alexander and the founding of the Mauryan Empire, even though he has also been dated to the 6th century BC, the age of The Buddha and Mahavira.

◾️He likely lived in Salatura (Gandhara), which today would lie in north-west Pakistan, and was probably associated with the great university at Taksasila, which also produced Kautilya and Charaka.

◾️‘Ashtadhyayi’, or ‘Eight Chapters’, is an ancient text written by the scholar Panini towards the end of the 4th century BC.

◾️It is a linguistics text that set the standard for how Sanskrit was meant to be written and spoken.

◾️It delves deep into the language’s phonetics, syntax and grammar, and also offers a ‘language machine’, where one can feed in the root and suffix of any Sanskrit word, and get grammatically correct words and sentences in return.

◾️The Ashtadhyayi laid down more than 4,000 grammatical rules.

◾️Later Indian grammars such as the Mahabhasya of Patanjali (2nd century BC) and the Kasika Vritti of Jayaditya and Vamana (7th century AD), were mostly commentaries on Panini.

Gaganyaan Mission

Gaganyaan Mission: भारत के पहले ह्यूमन-स्पेस फ्लाइट 'H1-गगनयान' को वर्ष 2024 के फोर्थ क्वार्टर में लांच किया जायेगा. केन्द्रीय मंत्री डॉ जितेंद्र सिंह ने एक लिखित उत्तर में इस बात की जानकारी दी है.    

उन्होंने कहा कि क्रू मेम्बर की सुरक्षा के लिए गगनयान -1 मिशन से पहले दो मानवरहित उड़ानें निर्धारित की गयी है. इसको विभिन्न उड़ान स्थितियों में टेस्ट किया जायेगा जिससे मुख्य मिशन के समय किसी प्रकार की कोई तकनिकी समस्या ना हो.

ह्यूमन-स्पेस फ्लाइट 'H1-गगनयान' से पूर्व जिन दो मानवरहित उड़ानों को प्रस्तावित किया गया है, उनमे से एक को अगले साल की अंतिम तिमाही में टेस्ट किया जायेगा. इसे G1 मिशन नाम दिया गया है. दूसरे G-2 मिशन को 2024 की दूसरी तिमाही में लांच किय जायेगा.

G1 मिशन का उद्देश्य मानव रेटेड प्रक्षेपण यान, ऑर्बिट मॉड्यूल टेस्ट, मिशन मैनेजमेंट, संचार प्रणाली आदि की टेस्टिंग की जाएगी. यह मिशन एक ह्यूमनॉइड पेलोड को ले जायेगा.

गगनयान मिशन के बारें में:
गगनयान भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन (ISRO) का एक स्पेस मिशन है. जो 2022 में प्रस्तावित था लेकिन कोविड के कारण यह मिशन 2024 के फोर्थ क्वार्टर में लांच किया जायेगा. इसके तहत तीन स्पेस मिशन को स्पेस में भेजा जायेगा.

इसरो के जियोसिंक्रोनस सैटेलाइट लॉन्च व्हीकल जीएसएलवी एमके III द्वारा इन मिशन को लांच किया जायेगा. इस लॉन्च के साथ भारत,  अमेरिका, रूस, चीन के साथ एक विशेष क्लब में शामिल हो जायेगा.

इन तीन मिशनों में 2 मानवरहित होंगे, जबकि एक मानव युक्त मिशन होगा. मानव मिशन में एक महिला सहित तीन अंतरिक्ष यात्री होंगे. 

भारत के आगामी स्पेस मिशन:
वीनस मिशन: इसरो ने भी शुक्र के लिये एक मिशन की योजना बनायीं है, जो वीनस के लिए भारत का पहला मिशन होगा.

आदित्य L1 मिशन: इसरो ने सूर्य से जुड़े अनुसंधान के लिए आदित्य L1 मिशन की तैयारी कर रहा है. जो सूर्य के लिए भारत का पहला मिशन होगा. यह सूर्य और पृथ्वी के बीच L1 (लैग्रेंजियन पॉइंट तक) के लिए प्रस्तावित है.

XpoSat: इस मिशन को कॉस्मिक एक्स-रे के अध्ययन के लिए डिज़ाइन किया गया है.