Russia-Ukraine crisis

Russia-Ukraine crisis

🌈 *Russia-Ukraine crisis:* भारत ने संयुक्त राष्ट्र (UN) में एक बार फिर से यूक्रेन युद्ध के वक्त तटस्थ रहने का फैसला किया है.

🌈 यह पिछले एक हफ्ते में ये दूसरा मौका है, जब भारत ने चीन एवं संयुक्त अरब अमीरात के साथ वोटिंग के दौरान अनुपस्थित रहा है.

🌈 आपको बता दें कि, भारत ने यूक्रेन और रूस के बीच प्रस्तावित बैठक का जरूर स्वागत किया है.

🌈 यूक्रेन संकट पर संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद (United Nations Security Council) में रूस की आक्रामकता को लेकर फिर से बैठक बुलाई गई थी.

🌈 इसमें यूक्रेन संकट पर विशेष आपात सत्र बुलाए जाने पर वोटिंग की गई. हालांकि, भारत एक बार फिर से वोटिंग से दूर रहा.

🌈 भारत के अतिरिक्त चीन और संयुक्त अरब अमीरात भी वोटिंग से गैर-हाजिर रहा.

🌈 इससे पहले संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद (UNSC) की बैठक हुई थी. इसमें रूस की सख्त आलोचना करने वाला प्रस्ताव लाया गया था.

🌈 उस प्रस्‍ताव पक्ष में ग्यारह देशों ने मतदान किया था जबकि भारत, चीन एवं यूएई वोटिंग से अनुपस्थित रहे थे. रूस ने प्रस्ताव को रोकने हेतु वीटो का इस्तेमाल किया था.

🌈 UN में भारत के स्थायी प्रतिनिधि टीएस तिरुमूर्ति ने चर्चा के दौरान कहा कि सीमा पार से संघर्ष एवं अनिश्चित स्थितियों से हमारे नागरिकों की निकासी के प्रयासों पर प्रभाव पड़ा है.

🌈 यह मानवीय जरूरत है जिस पर विचार किया जाना चाहिए. उन्होंने कहा कि भारत ने मौजूदा परिस्थितियों को ध्यान में रखते हुए आज भी मतदान से खुद को बाहर रखने का फैसला किया है.

🌈 संयुक्त राष्ट्र में भारत के स्थायी प्रतिनिधि, राजदूत टीएस तिरुमूर्ति ने 28 फरवरी के वोट के स्पष्टीकरण में कहा कि यह खेद जनक है कि इस मामले पर परिषद के आखिरी बार बुलाई गई बैठक के बाद से यूक्रेन में स्थिति और भी ज्यादा खराब हो गई है.

🌈 भारत के स्थाई प्रतिनिधि तिरुमूर्ति ने रेखांकित करते हुए कहा कि कूटनीति एवं संवाद के रास्ते पर लौटने के अतिरिक्त और कोई चारा नहीं है.

🌈 साल 1982 के बाद ये पहला मौका है, जब यूएनएससी ने विशेष आपातकालीन सत्र हेतु मामले को यूएनजीए में भेजने का फैसला किया गया है.

🌈 यूएनएससी में अमेरिका ने कहा कि हम एक ऐसे प्रस्ताव पर अपना वोट डालेंगे, जो रूस के अक्षम्य कार्यों एवं उसके उल्लंघनों हेतु उसे जिम्मेदार ठहराएगा.

🌈 गौरतलब है कि यूएनएससी के विशेष सत्र में पांच स्थायी सदस्यों के साथ 10 अस्थायी सदस्य भी शामिल हुए. 

🌈 सुरक्षा परिषद के पांच स्थायी सदस्यों - चीन, फ्रांस, रूस, यूके एवं यूएस में से कोई भी अपने वीटो का प्रयोग नहीं कर सकता था.

🌈 गौरतलब है कि यूएनएससी में यूक्रेन पर रूस के हमलों के विरुद्ध पश्चिमी देशों की ओर से एक निंदा प्रस्ताव लाया गया था.

🌈 इस प्रस्ताव का ग्यारह देशों ने समर्थन किया था, जबकि भारत समेत तीन देश इस प्रस्ताव पर वोटिंग से गायब रहे थे. भारत ने यह साफ कर दिया था कि वह यूक्रेन में हुई तबाही से बहुत चिंतित है और उसे अफसोस है कि कूटनीति का रास्ता काफी जल्दी छोड़ दिया गया.

Extended Producers Responsibility(EPR) Guidelines

🔆 Extended Producers Responsibility(EPR) Guidelines

✅ The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has issued notification on Extended Producers Responsibility to regulate plastic packaging under Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016.

♻️ Objectives:

✅ The guidelines have been issued on Extended Producers Responsibility to strengthen the circular economy of plastic packaging waste.

✅ This will create a roadmap for businesses to move towards sustainable plastic packaging. 

♻️ The guidelines:

✅ The guidelines give a proper framework to improve the management of plastic waste and make it mandatory to reuse rigid plastic packaging material. 

✅ The recycling of plastic waste under EPR guidelines along with the use of recycled plastic content will reduce plastic consumption and promote the practice of recycling. 

✅ The guidelines set up a market mechanism for plastic waste management through the allowance of sale and purchase of surplus extended producer responsibility certificates.

✅ It will be implemented through a customised online platform that acts as the digital backbone of the system. This will enable online tracking and monitoring of EPR obligations and will decrease the compliance burden on the companies with the aid of online registration and filing of annual returns. 

✅ It will also impose environmental compensation based on the polluter pays principle if the guidelines are not obeyed by the producers, importers and brand owners. As a result the pollution levels will be kept under check

✅ In order to prevent the mixing of plastic packaging waste with solid waste, the producers, importer and brand owners may avail the provisions like deposit refund system or buy back or any other model. 

Negative Yield Bonds

Negative Yield Bonds: 

🌳Are debt instruments that offer to pay the investor a maturity amount lower than the purchase price of the bond. 

🌳These are generally issued by central banks or governments, and investors pay interest to the borrower to keep their money with them.

Reasons behind buying Negative Yield Bonds:

🌳To create a diverse portfolio: Many hedge funds and investment firms that manage mutual funds invest in negative bonds in order to diversify their investment.

🌳To use them as collateral: Bonds are often used to pledge as collateral for financing and as a result, need to be held regardless of their price or yield.

🌳To take Benefit from Currency Gain: Foreign investors might believe the currency's exchange rate will rise, which would offset the negative bond yield.

🌳To Avoid Domestic Deflation Risk: Domestically, investors might expect a period of deflation, or lower prices in the economy

India and Afghanistan Relations

📝India and Afghanistan Relations

📝 Background ( Part 1 )

 

🔸Relations between the people of Afghanistan and India traces to the Indus Valley Civilisation. 

 

🔸The Durand Line is the 2,430-kilometre International border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Sir Mortimer Durand had drawn this line in 1893 between Afghanistan and then British India, which later got divided into two countries India and Pakistan in 1947. 

 

🔸 The Durand Line cuts through the Pashtun tribal areas and further south through the Balochistan region. It politically divides ethnic Pashtuns, as well as the Baloch and other ethnic groups, who live on both sides of the border in Afghanistan as well as in Pakistan.

🔸 During the Soviet intervention (1979-89), India was the only South Asian nation to recognise the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. India also provided humanitarian aid to then Afghan President Najibullah's government. Following the withdrawal of the Soviet forces, India continued to with humanitarian aid.

कनाडा दुनिया का पहला देश बन गया है जिसने प्लांट-आधारित COVID-19 वैक्सीन के उपयोग को अधिकृत किया है।

कनाडा दुनिया का पहला देश बन गया है जिसने प्लांट-आधारित COVID-19 वैक्सीन के उपयोग को अधिकृत किया है।

🏵️ कनाडा दुनिया का पहला देश बन गया है जिसने प्लांट-आधारित COVID-19 वैक्सीन के उपयोग को अधिकृत किया है।

🏵️ मेडिकैगो इंक (मित्सुबिशी केमिकल और फिलिप मॉरिस के स्वामित्व वाली एक बायोफार्मा कंपनी) की दो खुराक वाली वैक्सीन 18 से 64 वर्ष की आयु के वयस्कों को दी जा सकती है, लेकिन 65 वर्ष और उससे अधिक आयु के लोगों द्वारा प्राप्त शॉट्स पर बहुत कम डेटा उपलब्ध है।

🏵️ वैक्सीन को अधिकृत करने का निर्णय 24,000 वयस्कों पर किए गए एक अध्ययन पर आधारित था, जिसमें दिखाया गया था कि COVID-19 को रोकने में वैक्सीन की प्रभावकारिता दर 71% है - हालांकि परीक्षण ओमाइक्रोन संस्करण के उभरने से पहले किए गए थे। 

🏵️ इस वैक्सीन को दिया गया नाम *Covifenz* है। कनाडा इस संयंत्र-आधारित टीके की 20 मिलियन खुराक खरीदने के लिए सहमत हुआ, जिसमें 56 मिलियन अतिरिक्त खुराक खरीदने का विकल्प था।

🌼 *सभी प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं के लिए महत्वपूर्ण:* 🌼

👉🏻 _कनाडा की राजधानी:_ ओटावा

👉🏻 _कनाडा मुद्रा:_ कैनेडियन डॉलर

👉🏻 _कनाडा के प्रधान मंत्री:_ जस्टिन ट्रूडो।

The Kulbhushan Jadhav Issue

📝The Kulbhushan Jadhav Issue

 

🔶 Pakistan claimed to have arrested Jadhav from Balochistan on March 3, 2016. India maintains that Jadhav was kidnapped from Iran where he was involved in business activities after retiring from the Indian Navy in 2002. 

🔶 In April 2017 Pakistan's military establishment announced that Jadhav would be hanged. 

🔶 Shortly after India approached the International Court of Justice (ICJ. As India was denied Consular access to Jadhav. India has accused Pakistan of violating the Vienna Convention. 

🔶 Pakistan contended that the Vienna Convention provisions on consular access were not intended for a "spy" involved in subversive activities. 

🔶 India believes the ICJ can look into Jadhav’s case as both the countries are signatories to the optional protocol of the Vienna convention on consular relations (VCCR). The protocol says any dispute arising out of the interpretation or application of VCCR shall lie within the jurisdiction of the ICJ. 

🔶On 18 May 2017 International Court of Justice stays death sentence given to Kulbhushan Jadhav by Pakistani military court until further notice.

🔶 This is the first time after 1971 that India has turned to the ICJ in a dispute with Pakistan.

 

🔶 In September 1974, India spelt out the matters over which it would accept the jurisdiction of the ICJ, replacing a similar declaration made in 1959. 

🔶 Among the matters over which India does not accept the ICJ jurisdiction are: “Disputes with the government of any state which is or has been a member of the Commonwealth of Nations”.

 

🔶Moving the ICJ amounts to taking disputes with Pakistan to a multilateral forum, which New Delhi tends to avoid.

CONTRIBUTION OF JAIN LITERATURE:

◻️ CONTRIBUTION OF JAIN LITERATURE:

📜 Jain literature is known to have contributed to the development of several Indian languages.

📜 Ardhakathanaka, by Banarasidasa, is the first autobiography in Braj Bhasha which is termed as the precursor to the Hindi.

📜 Works such as Nalatiyar, Civaka Cintamani, Valayapathy etc. have enriched the Tamil language.

📜 Kannada literature owes its origin to the Jaina literary works.

📜 Some of the oldest Jaina literature is available in Shauraseni, which led to the development of languages such as Gujarati, Marwari etc.

📜 Many Jaina literary works were written in Apabhramsa such as Kahas, grammar etc. Apabhramsa is known as the precursor to many Indian languages of the Gangetic plains.

Sustainable Cities India Program

🔆Sustainable Cities India Program

✅Why in News : the World Economic Forum and the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) signed a MoU to collaborate on a jointly designed ‘Sustainable Cities India program’.

🔸The ‘Sustainable Cities India' intends to enable cities to decarbonise in a systematic and sustainable way that will reduce emissions and deliver resilient and equitable urban ecosystems.

🔸This initiative is in synergy with India’s commitment to turn net zero by 2070 as a climate mitigation response at COP26.

▪️What are the Key Points of ‘Sustainable Cities India Program’?

✅The program aims to create an enabling environment for cities to generate decarbonization solutions across the energy, transport, and the built environment sectors.

✅The Forum and NIUA will adapt the Forum’s City Sprint process and Toolbox of Solutions for decarbonization in the context of five to seven Indian cities across two years.

✅City Sprint Process: The City Sprint process is a series of multi-sectoral, multi-stakeholder workshops involving business, government, and civil society leaders to enable decarbonization, especially through clean electrification and circularity.

✅Toolbox of Solutions: It provides a digital platform containing over 200 examples of clean electrification, efficiency and smart infrastructure best practices and case studies across buildings, energy systems and mobility from over 110 cities around the world.

▪️What is the Need for Decarbonisation?

✅As per the World Economic Forum’s Global Risks Report 2022, densely populated countries that are highly dependent on agriculture, such as India, are especially vulnerable to climate insecurity.

Decarbonization in cities is a real opportunity to keep global warming well below 2°C and cities in India can make an enormous contribution in reaching this goal.

✅The World Economic Forum’s Net Zero Carbon Cities’ mission is to create an enabling environment for clean electrification and circularity, resulting in urban decarbonization and resilience.

✅The program aims to do this by fostering public-private collaboration to bridge the gap across the energy, built environment and transport sectors.

Pensilungpa Glacier:

🔆Pensilungpa Glacier:

✅The Pensilungpa Glacier is located in Zanskar, Ladakh.

✅It is retreating due to an increase in the temperature and decrease in precipitation during winters.

✅The Zanskar Range is a mountain range in the union territory of Ladakh that separates Zanskar from Ladakh.

✅Geologically, the Zanskar Range is part of the Tethys Himalaya.

✅Marbal Pass and many other passes which connect Ladakh with Kashmir are in this area.

✅13000 feet high Zojila Pass is in the extreme northwest of Zanskar range.

plastic park

🔆Plastic Park  

✅why in news: Union Government has given the final approval for setting up a plastic park at Ganjimutt in Mangaluru.  

✅It will be set up on 104 acres of Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board (KIADB) land. 

✅ In that, 50% of the project cost will be borne by Union Government and remaining 50% by KIADB. 

✅ KIADB will create a special purpose vehicle (SPV) under its purview to implement the project. 

✅A polypropylene unit is to be set up in the park. This unit will provide raw materials to the polymer and plastic units inside the park.  

✅Polypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer. It is mainly used in plastic packaging. 

▪️Need For Plastic Parks :

 

✅The share of India in world trade of plastics is very low, it is about 1% in the global plastic exports market. 

✅ The Indian plastics industry is huge but highly fragmented with the dominance of small and medium units and thus lacks the capacity to take advantage of this opportunity. 

✅These parks have great potential for attracting investments and generating more employment opportunities for the local population. 

▪️Plastic Park Scheme 

✅ Under this scheme the Plastic Park are being developed by State Governments with the grant-in-aid funding support from Department of Chemicals & Petrochemicals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers. 

✅The Central Government provides grant funding up to 50% of the project cost, subject to a ceiling of Rs.40 crore per project. 

✅The ministry has approved setting up of 10 Plastic Parks in the country. 

✅The Scheme aims to increase the competitiveness and value addition in the plastic processing industry.

Unravelling Tectonic Evolution

🔆 Unravelling Tectonic Evolution

✅ The tectonic evolution and the nature of the Greater Maldive Ridge have been traced by a group of researchers from the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism which is an autonomous institute of the Department of Science and Technology. 

♻️ About the study:

✅ The important geodynamic features in the western Indian Ocean have been a part of several scientific debates. 

✅ The Maldive ridge is an aseismic ridge that is not involved with earthquake activities. 

✅ The ridge is located in the western Indian Ocean, southwest of India.

✅ This was for the first time that a study was carried out by a group of Indian researchers in the region.

✅ The Greater Maldive Ridge was mapped using high-resolution satellite driven gravity data.

✅ It has been postulated that the Maldive Ridge might have been subducted by an oceanic crust. 

✅ The study systematically mapped the depth to the boundary between the earth’s crust and the mantle which demarcates a discontinuity known as the Mohorovicic discontinuity. 

♻️ Observation:

✅ It was observed that the Moho discontinuity is deeper over the Maldive Ridge segment and shallows southwards in the Deep Sea Channel region. 

✅ The effective elastic thickness (a determining factor for the strength of the Lithosphere), denoted as Te, was lower in the Maldive Ridge compared to the Deep Sea Channel Region. 

✅ Effective Elastic Thickness –  It is the estimated thickness of the elastic plate that would respond to applied loads in a manner similar to that of the heterogeneous lithospheric plate.  

♻️ Inference:

✅ The researcher found a probability that the Maldive Ridge and the Deep Sea Channel region is oceanic in nature with the presence of underplated materials associated with the Reunion hotspot volcanism. 

✅ It is suggested that the Maldive Ridge was formed closer to the Mid Oceanic Ridge which is a new ocean floor created due to the divergence of continental plates. 

✅ The Deep Sea Channel Region was under a long transform fault which neither created nor destroyed any part of the lithosphere. 

✅ The hindered melt production gave rise to a gap between Chagos and Maldive Ridge during the plume ridge interaction. 

✅ This could be a possible reason for the aseismic characteristic of the Maldives Ridge.

♻️ Significance of the study:

✅ The study provides a better understanding of crustal architecture, isostatic compensation mechanism and the tectonic evolution of the region studied. 

✅ It also facilitates a clearer understanding of the evolution of ocean basins. 

✅ This study will be an enabler to reconstruct the original Gondwanaland break up and dispersal that resulted in the present-day configuration of the earth that we witness today.

Devayatanam: Conference on Temple Architecture

🔆Devayatanam: Conference on Temple Architecture 

✅Why in News : the Union Culture Minister inaugurated Devayatanam, a one-of-a-kind conference on temple architecture of India, at Hampi, Karnataka.

✅It is a part of the celebration under Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav and is being organized on 25th-26th February by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) of the Ministry of Culture.

✅The temples of Hampi are already featured in the World Heritage List of UNESCO for their Sheer brilliance, Scale of imagination, and Scintillating architecture.

✅Approximately 10 of India’s 40 UNESCO World Heritage Inscriptions are Hindu Temples in different architectural styles, patterns and symmetry.

✅In 2021, Rudreswara Temple, (also known as the Ramappa Temple) at Mulugu district, Telangana has been inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage list.

▪️What is the Significance of the Conference?

✅The conference provides a platform to discuss, deliberate and disseminate to the world the grandeur of Indian temples, art and architecture.

✅This was in line with the overall vision of the Prime Minister which is based on 5 V's, i. e. Vikas (development), Virasat (heritage), Vishwas (trust), Vignan (knowledge), which lead us to becoming a vishwaguru so that India shows the world the way.

✅Devayatnam, the house of god is not only a place to worship and perform rituals but also a centre for education, fine arts, music, science & technology, rituals & traditions or activities shaping the society.

▪️How Has the Government Promoted Temple in Recent Times?

✅The Union Government has proposed Hoysala temples of Belur and Somnathpur to the UNESCO World Heritage List.

A grand temple of Lord Ram that is being built in Ayodhya.

After close to 250 years, the spiritual capital of India - Kashi, has been rejuvenated and has more accessibility with amenities and better infrastructure for devotees.

✅The state of Telangana has built 2 large stone carved temples worth Rs. 1,000 crores.

✅The focus is to make existing spiritual places accessible to devotees through better infrastructure and world class amenities.

✅PRASHAD and SWADESH DARSHAN Scheme to facilitate tourism infrastructure and provide better accessibility and experience at spiritual places with a budget of approximately Rs. 7,000 crores has been conceived.

▪️What is the Significance of Indian Temples?

✅Temples have been centres of Indian art, knowledge, culture, spirituality, innovation and education.

✅There have been three major styles of setting up temples in India known as Nagara, Dravidian and Vesara.

✅Dashavatar temple in Devgarh is of Nagara style which is prevalent between the Himalayas and the Vindhya mountains.

✅The Kailasanathar temple in Kanchi is a Dravidian style temple, developed on the land of Krishna and Kaveri River.

✅Papanatha temple is one of the examples of Vesara style. Vesara is a hybrid form Nagara and Dravidian style.

✅A Hindu temple is a combination of art and science which includes Shilpa sastra, vasthu sastra, geometry and symmetry.

✅The temples promote unity, integrity, and civilization.

It was during the freedom struggle that all the freedom struggles were resolved before temple fire to fight for freedom of the country.

#art_and_culture

#temple_Architecture

#world_Heritage

#prelims 

#mains 

Ravinder Jain

Ravinder Jain

🏵️ रवीन्द्र जैन (28 फरवरी 1944- 9 अक्टूबर, 2015) हिन्दी फ़िल्मों के जाने-माने संगीतकार और गीतकार थे।

🏵️ इन्होंने अपने फ़िल्मी सफ़र की शुरुआत फ़िल्म सौदागर से की थी जिसमें इन्होंने गीत भी लिखे थे और उनको स्वरबद्ध भी किया था।

🏵️ इन्हें सन् 1985 में फ़िल्म राम तेरी गंगा मैली के लिए फ़िल्मफ़ेयर सर्वश्रेष्ठ संगीतकार पुरस्कार भी मिला है।

🏵️ वर्ष 2015 में उनको पद्मश्री पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया था।

🏵️ भारतीय टेलीविज़न के मीलपत्थर कहे जाने वाले रामानंद सागर द्वारा निर्देशित रामायण में भी उन्होंने ही संगीत दिया था जिससे कि वे भारत के घर घर में पहचाने जाने लगे।

🌼 *रवींन्द्र जैन के लोकप्रिय गीत* 🌼

👉🏻 ले जाएंगे दिलवाले दुल्हनिया ले जाएंगे (चोर मचाए शोर-1973)

👉🏻 ले तो आए हो हमें सपनों के गांव में (दुल्हन वही जो पिया मन भाए-1977)

👉🏻 ठंडे-ठंडे पानी से नहाना चाहिए (पति, पत्नी और वो-1978)

👉🏻 एक राधा एक मीरा (राम तेरी गंगा मैली-1985)

👉🏻 अंखियों के झरोखों से-1978

👉🏻 सजना है मुझे सजना के लिए (सौदागर-1973)

👉🏻 श्याम तेरी बंसी (गीत गाता चल-1975)

👉🏻 कौन दिशा में लेके 

👉🏻 सुन सायबा सुन (राम तेरी गंगा मैली-1985)

Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS)

🔆Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS)

✅Context: A few patients infected with Covid-19 have been found suffering from a rare autoimmune disorder called Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS).

✅GBS: Rare neurological disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks part of its peripheral nervous system.

✅Exact cause of GBS not known- not contagious- not inherited- can affect anyone at any age.

✅Symptoms: Unexplained sensations(tingling in feet or hands, or even pain), Weakness on both sides of body(major symptom), Difficulty with eye muscles, Abnormal heart rate or blood pressure; Problems with digestion.

✅Most common type of GBS- Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP).

✅Other types- Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) and acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN).

current affairs

📖 स्टेटिक जीके के साथ परीक्षा संबंधित करेंट अफेयर्स: 26 फरवरी 2022

#Hindi 

1) भारत और जापान 27 फरवरी से 10 मार्च तक कर्नाटक के बेलगाम में वार्षिक संयुक्त सैन्य अभ्यास "धर्म गार्जियन 2022" आयोजित करेंगे।

➨जापान के साथ यह अभ्यास वर्तमान वैश्विक स्थिति की पृष्ठभूमि में दोनों देशों द्वारा सामना की जाने वाली सुरक्षा चुनौतियों के संदर्भ में महत्वपूर्ण और महत्वपूर्ण है।

2) ग्रैमी अवार्ड विजेता रिकी केज और ऑस्कर दावेदार बिक्रम घोष द्वारा रचित "वंदे भारतम" के लिए सिग्नेचर ट्यून संस्कृति और विदेश राज्य मंत्री श्रीमती मीनाकाशी लेखी द्वारा जारी किया गया।  

3) 25 फरवरी, 2022 को राष्ट्रीय युद्ध स्मारक की तीसरी वर्षगांठ मनाई गई। 

➨भारत में राष्ट्रीय युद्ध स्मारक स्वतंत्र भारत के सशस्त्र संघर्षों में लड़ने वाले भारतीय सेना के सैनिकों को सम्मान और याद करने के लिए बनाया गया एक राष्ट्रीय स्मारक है।

➨ भारतीय सेना, भारतीय नौसेना और भारतीय वायु सेना के प्रमुखों ने इस अवसर पर राष्ट्रीय युद्ध स्मारक पर माल्यार्पण किया।

4) स्वीडिश होम फर्निशिंग रिटेलर, IKEA ने अपने भारतीय व्यवसाय के लिए सुज़ैन पुल्वरर को अपनी नई और पहली महिला मुख्य कार्यकारी अधिकारी (सीईओ) और मुख्य स्थिरता अधिकारी (सीएसओ) के रूप में नियुक्त किया है।

5) जैविक खेती के पूरे पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र को मजबूत करने की दिशा में किसानों के योगदान को स्वीकार करते हुए, ऑर्गेनिक इंडिया प्राइवेट लिमिटेड ने शीर्ष 5 जैविक किसानों को धरती मित्र पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया। 

6) रक्षा अनुसंधान और विकास संगठन (DRDO) और भारतीय प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान (IIT)-दिल्ली के वैज्ञानिकों की एक संयुक्त टीम ने प्रयागराज और विंध्याचल, उत्तर प्रदेश के बीच 100 किलोमीटर से अधिक की दूरी के बीच क्वांटम कुंजी वितरण (QKD) लिंक का प्रदर्शन किया।

▪️रक्षा अनुसंधान एवं विकास संगठन (DRDO) :- 

➠ Founded - 1958

➠ HeadQuarter  - New Delhi

➠ Chairman - G. Satheesh Reddy

7) युवा गणितज्ञों के लिए रामानुजन पुरस्कार कोलकाता, पश्चिम बंगाल में भारतीय सांख्यिकी संस्थान की गणितज्ञ प्रोफेसर नीना गुप्ता को प्रदान किया गया।

▪️पश्चिम बंगाल :- 

➠CM - Mamata Banerjee

➠GOVERNOR - Jagdeep Dhankhar

➠Folk Dances - Lathi, Gambhira, Dhali, Jatra, Baul, Chhau, Santhali Dance

➠Kalighat Temple

8) दूसरे बांग्लादेश फिल्म महोत्सव का उद्घाटन त्रिपुरा के मुख्यमंत्री बिप्लब कुमार देब ने अगरतला में किया।

▪️त्रिपुरा :-

➨CM - Biplab Kumar Deb

➨Governor - Satyadev Narayan Arya

➨Bison (Rajbari) National Park 

➨Clouded Leopard National Park

9) रक्षा मंत्रालय के रक्षा लेखा विभाग (DAD) ने CSC ई-गवर्नेंस सर्विसेज इंडिया लिमिटेड के साथ पूरे देश में 4 लाख से अधिक कॉमन सर्विस सेंटर्स (CSCs) में पेंशन एडमिनिस्ट्रेशन सिस्टम (SPARSH) पहल के तहत पेंशन सेवाओं को ऑनबोर्ड करने के लिए एक समझौता ज्ञापन पर हस्ताक्षर किए हैं। 

10) कर्नाटक के मुख्यमंत्री बसवराज बोम्मई ने वाणिज्यिक कर विभाग द्वारा जारी जीएसटी के नवीनतम दिशानिर्देशों से संबंधित पांच वृत्तचित्रों का पहला सेट जारी किया।

▪️कर्नाटक:- 

CM :- Basavaraj Bommai

Governor :- Thawarchand Gehlot

Formation :- 1 November 1956

Language :- Kannada

Port :- New Mangalore Port

11) केंद्रीय बंदरगाह, नौवहन और जलमार्ग और आयुष मंत्री सर्बानंद सोनोवाल ने विशाखापत्तनम में डीसीआई परिसर में डीसीआई (ड्रेजिंग कॉरपोरेशन ऑफ इंडिया) ड्रेजिंग संग्रहालय - निदर्शन सदन का उद्घाटन किया।

12) केंद्रीय एमएसएमई मंत्री, नारायण राणे ने महाराष्ट्र के सिंधुदुर्ग में एमएसएमई-प्रौद्योगिकी केंद्र की स्थापना की घोषणा की और एमएसएमई रुपे क्रेडिट कार्ड भी लॉन्च किया।

▪️ महाराष्ट्र :-

➨ संजय गांधी (बोरीवली) राष्ट्रीय उद्यान

➨ ताडोबा राष्ट्रीय उद्यान

➨नवेगांव राष्ट्रीय उद्यान

➨गुगामाल राष्ट्रीय उद्यान

➨चंदोली राष्ट्रीय उद्यान

≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡

📖 Exam Related Current Affairs with Static Gk : 26 February 2022

#English 

1) India and Japan will conduct the annual joint military exercise "Dharma Guardian 2022" in Belgaum, Karnataka, from February 27 to March 10.

➨This exercise with Japan is crucial and significant in terms of security challenges faced by both nations in the backdrop of current global situation.

2) The signature tune for "Vande Bharatam" composed by Grammy Award winner Ricky Kej and Oscar contender Bickram Ghosh was released by Minister of State for Culture & External Affairs Smt. Meenakashi Lekhi

3) National War Memorial's 3rd anniversary was observed on February 25, 2022. 

➨The National War Memorial in India is a national monument built to honour and remember soldiers of the Indian military who fought in armed conflicts of independent India.

➨ The Chiefs of the Indian Army, the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force laid wreaths at the National War Memorial to commemorate the occasion.

4) IKEA, the Swedish home furnishings retailer, has appointed Susanne Pulverer as its new and first woman chief executive officer (CEO) and chief sustainability officer (CSO), for its India business.

5) Recognizing the contribution of farmers towards strengthening the entire ecosystem of organic farming, Organic India Private Limited felicitated the top 5 organic farmers with Dharti Mitr Awards.

6) A joint team of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT)-Delhi scientists, demonstrated the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) link between Prayagraj and Vindhyachal, Uttar Pradesh, a distance of more than 100 kilometres.

▪️Defence Research and Development Organisation( DRDO) :- 

➠ Founded - 1958

➠ HeadQuarter  - New Delhi

➠ Chairman - G. Satheesh Reddy

7) The Ramanujan Prize for Young Mathematicians was awarded to Professor Neena Gupta, a mathematician of the Indian Statistical Institute in Kolkata, West Bengal.

▪️West Bengal :- 

➠CM - Mamata Banerjee

➠GOVERNOR - Jagdeep Dhankhar

➠Folk Dances - Lathi, Gambhira, Dhali, Jatra, Baul, Chhau, Santhali Dance

➠Kalighat Temple

8) The Second Bangladesh Film Festival was inaugurated by the Chief Minister of Tripura Biplab Kumar Deb in Agartala.

▪️Tripura :-

➨CM - Biplab Kumar Deb

➨Governor - Satyadev Narayan Arya

➨Bison (Rajbari) National Park 

➨Clouded Leopard National Park

9) Defence Accounts Department (DAD) of Ministry of Defence has signed an MoU with CSC e-Governance Services India Limited to onboard pension services under the System for Pension Administration (SPARSH) initiative across more than 4 lakh Common Service Centres (CSCs) all over the country.

10) Karnataka Chief Minister Basavaraj Bommai released the first set of five documentaries related to the latest guidelines of GST issued by the Commercial Taxes Department.

▪️Karnataka:- 

CM :- Basavaraj Bommai

Governor :- Thawarchand Gehlot

Formation :- 1 November 1956

Language :- Kannada

Port :- New Mangalore Port

11) Union Minister for Ports, Shipping and Waterways and AYUSH Sarbananda Sonowal inaugurated Nikarshan Sadan” – The DCI (Dredging Corporation of India) Dredging Museum at DCI campus in Visakhapatnam.

12) Union Minister for MSME, Narayan Rane announced the establishment of the MSME-technology center at Sindhudurg in Maharashtra and also launched MSME RuPay Credit Card.

▪️ Maharashtra :-

➨ Sanjay Gandhi (Borivali) National Park

➨ Tadoba National Park

➨Nawegaon National Park

➨Gugamal National Park

➨Chandoli National Park

≡≡≡≡≡≡≡

इंटरनेशनल बिजनेस मशीन्स कार्पोरेशन (International Business Machines Corp - IBM)

इंटरनेशनल बिजनेस मशीन्स कार्पोरेशन (International Business Machines Corp - IBM)

🏵️ *इंटरनेशनल बिजनेस मशीन्स कार्पोरेशन (International Business Machines Corp - IBM)* ने एशिया प्रशांत (एपीएसी) क्षेत्र में अपने ग्राहकों की चिंताओं को दूर करने के लिए बेंगलुरु में एक साइबर सुरक्षा केंद्र शुरू किया है।

🏵️ करोड़ों डॉलर का आईबीएम सुरक्षा कमान केंद्र कर्नाटक के बेंगलुरु में आईबीएम कार्यालय में स्थित होगा।

🏵️ यह क्षेत्र में अपनी तरह की पहली सुविधा है। 2022 के लिए आईबीएम वैश्विक विश्लेषण रिपोर्ट में कहा गया है कि एशिया साइबर हमलों के लिए सबसे अधिक लक्षित क्षेत्र के रूप में उभरा, जो 2021 में विश्लेषण किए गए 26% हमलों का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है।

🌼 *साइबर सुरक्षा हब के बारे में:* 🌼

👉🏻 यह साइबर सुरक्षा हब सभी प्रकार के संगठनों को अत्यधिक यथार्थवादी, नकली साइबर हमलों के माध्यम से साइबर सुरक्षा प्रतिक्रिया तकनीकों में प्रशिक्षण प्रदान करेगा, ताकि सी-सूट से लेकर तकनीकी कर्मचारियों तक सभी को तैयार किया जा सके।

👉🏻 नया साइबर सुरक्षा हब वैश्विक स्तर पर आईबीएम के ऐसे केवल दो केंद्रों में से एक है। दूसरा अमेरिका में स्थित है।

🌼 *सभी प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं के लिए महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य :* 🌼

🕎 _आईबीएम सीईओ:_ अरविंद कृष्णा

🕎 _आईबीएम मुख्यालय:_ न्यूयॉर्क, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका

🕎 _आईबीएम संस्थापक:_ चार्ल्स रैनलेट फ्लिंट

🕎 _आईबीएम की स्थापना:_ 16 जून 1911 को

current

🏵️ चंद्रशेखर आजाद का जन्म 23 जुलाई, 1906 को मध्य प्रदेश के झाबुआ जिले के भाबरा नामक स्थान पर हुआ था।

🏵️ चंद्रशेखर बेहद कम उम्र में देश की आजादी की लड़ाई का हिस्सा बने थे। जब सन् 1922 में चौरी चौरा की घटना के बाद गांधीजी ने अपना आंदोलन वापस ले लिया तो आज़ाद का कांग्रेस से मोहभंग हो गया। 

🏵️ इसके बाद वे पण्डित राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल और शचीन्द्रनाथ सान्याल योगेश चन्द्र चटर्जी द्वारा 1924 में गठित हिन्दुस्तान रिपब्लिकन एसोसिएशन से जुड़ गए।

🌼 *काकोरी कांड में लिया पहली बार भाग* 🌼

👉🏻 इस एसोसिएशन के साथ जुड़ने के बाद चंद्रशेखर ने रामप्रसाद बिस्मिल के नेतृत्व में काकोरी कांड (1925) में पहली बार सक्रिय रूप से भाग लिया।

👉🏻 इसके बाद चंद्रशेखर ने 1928 में लाहौर में ब्रिटिश पुलिस ऑफिसर एसपी सॉन्डर्स को गोली मारकर लाला लाजपत राय की मौत का बदला लिया।

👉🏻 इन सफल घटनाओं के बाद उन्होंने अंग्रेजों के खजाने को लूट कर संगठन की क्रांतिकारी गतिविधियों के लिए धन जुटाना शुरू कर दिया।

👉🏻 चंद्रशेखर का मानना था कि यह धन भारतीयों का ही है जिसे अंग्रेजों ने लूटा है।

🌼 *चंद्रशेखर को इसलिए बुलाया जाता है ‘आजाद’*

👉🏻 चंद्रशेखर को ‘आजाद’ नाम एक खास वजह से मिला। चंद्रशेखर जब 15 साल के थे तब उन्‍हें किसी केस में एक जज के सामने पेश किया गया। वहां पर जब जज ने उनका नाम पूछा तो उन्होंने ने कहा, ‘मेरा नाम आजाद है, मेरे पिता का नाम स्वतंत्रता और मेरा घर जेल है’। जज ये सुनने के बाद भड़क गए और चंद्रशेखर को 15 कोड़ों की सजा सुनाई, यही से उनका नाम आजाद पड़ गया। 

👉🏻 चंद्रशेखर पूरी जिंदगी अपने आप को आजाद रखना चाहते थे।

🌼 *अकेले लड़ते हुए शहादत मिली* 🌼

👉🏻 अंग्रेजों से लड़ाई करने के लिए चंद्रशेखर आजाद इलाहाबाद के अल्फ्रेड पार्क में सुखदेव और अपने एक अन्य साथियों के साथ बैठकर आगामी योजना बना रहे थे।

👉🏻 इस बात की जानकारी अंग्रेजों को पहले से ही मिल गई थी। जिसके कारण अचानक अंग्रेज पुलिस ने उन पर हमला कर दिया।

👉🏻 आजाद ने अपने साथियों को वहां से भगा दिया और अकेले अंग्रेजों से लोहा लगने लगे।

👉🏻 इस लड़ाई में पुलिस की गोलियों से आजाद बुरी तरह घायल हो गए थे।

👉🏻 वे सैकड़ों पुलिस वालों के सामने 20 मिनट तक लड़ते रहे।

👉🏻 उन्होंने संकल्प लिया था कि वे न कभी पकड़े जाएंगे और न ब्रिटिश सरकार उन्हें फांसी दे सकेगी।

👉🏻 इसीलिए अपने संकल्प को पूरा करने के लिए *27 फरवरी 1931* को उन्होने अपनी पिस्तौल की आखिरी गोली खुद को मार ली और मातृभूमि के लिए प्राणों की आहुति दे दी।

👉🏻 आजाद ने जिस पिस्‍तौल से अपने आप को गोली मारी थी, उसे अंग्रेज अपने साथ इंग्‍लैंड ले गए थे, जो वहां के म्‍यूजियम में रखा गया था, हालांकि बाद में भारत सरकार के प्रयासों के बाद उसे भारत वापस लाया गया, अभी वह इलाहाबाद के म्‍यूजियम में रखा गया है।

AGRICULTURAL INDEBTEDNESS IN INDIA

🔆AGRICULTURAL INDEBTEDNESS IN INDIA 

Why in News? 

✅The average outstanding loan per agricultural household increased 57.7 per cent from 2013 to 2018, according to the  

latest findings of a ‘Situation Assessment of Agricultural Households and Land Holdings of Households in Rural India,  

2019’ survey by the National Statistical Office

◾️Key findings of the report

✅Average income of agriculture household and farm incomes have increased.

✅Andhra Pradesh to have the highest average outstanding loan at rupees 2.45 lakh ,the state also had the highest proportion 93.2 percent of agriculture households under debt, followed by Telangana 91.7 percent and Kerala 69.9%

World NGO Day is observed on 27 February every year.

🔆World NGO Day is observed on 27 February every year. 

✅ It is an international day that is observed to recognise, celebrate and honour all non-governmental and nonprofit organizations.

◾️Role of NGOs in Indian Democracy

India has nearly 3.4 million non-governmental organisations (NGOs), working in a variety of fields ranging from disaster relief to advocacy for marginalised and disadvantaged communities.

✅Bridging The Gap: NGOs endeavour to plug gaps in the government’s programmes and reach out to sections of people often left untouched by state projects.

✅Role of an

Enabler: Community-level outfits and self-help groups are critical for bringing any change in the ground.

✅Acting as a Pressure Group: 

✅Role in Participative Governance: Many civil society initiatives have contributed to some of the path-breaking laws in the country, including the Environmental Protection Act-1986, Right to Education Act-2009, Forests Rights Act-2006 and Right to Information Act-2005.

EASTERN SWAMP DEER

🔆EASTERN SWAMP DEER 

✅The population of the vulnerable eastern swamp deer, extinct elsewhere in South Asia, has dipped in the Kaziranga National Park. 

 

✅The barasingha, also called swamp deer, is a deer species distributed in the Indian subcontinent. 

✅It differs from all other Indian deer species in that the antlers carry more than three tines. 

✅ Threats: Poaching for antlers and meat habitat  

loss. 

✅ Barasingha is the state animal of the Indian states of MP & UP

 

✅3 subspecies of swamp deer are 

🔸 Western swamp deer is adapted to the flooded tall grassland habitat in the Indo-Gangetic plain & are found in the Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve of Nepal. 

🔸 Southern swamp deer has hard hooves and is adapted to hard ground in open sal forest with a grass understorey survives only in the Kanha National Park.

🔸 Eastern swamp deer is only found in Assam, endemic to Assam.

 

▪️Protection Status 

✅IUCN Red list: Vulnerable 

✅CITES: Appendix I

✅Wildlife Protection Act of 1972: Schedule I

Khangchendzonga National Park

Khangchendzonga National Park 

*Khangchendzonga National Park also Kanchenjunga Biosphere Reserve is a national park and a Biosphere reserve located in Sikkim, India.

*It was inscribed to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in July 2016, becoming the first “Mixed Heritage” site of India.

*Namdapha National Park is the fourth largest national park in India.

*Eastern Himalayas form a part of the Himalayan global biodiversity hotspot. This region is exceptionally rich in diversity and endemism. It comprises of parts of Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, Arunanchal Pradesh and extends up to Burma.

Ploughing a new channel for India’s food systems

#AGRICULTURE

■  Ploughing a new channel for India’s food systems-

✅Efforts are being made to spur national and regional action to deliver the United Nation’s 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through transforming food systems

✅Recently, the UN Food Systems Summit took place which called for action by governments in five areas: nourish all people; boost nature-based solutions; advance equitable livelihoods, decent work and empowered communities; build resilience to vulnerabilities, shocks and stresses; and accelerate the means of implementation.

✅Such a transformation in the Indian context would involve enhancing interfaces between the spheres of science, society and policy, focusing on sustainability, resource efficiency and circularity.

● India’s journey to food security:

✅India’s Green Revolution in the 1960s, enabled food security and addressed widespread hunger and poverty.

✅It was achieved not only through science and technology and the development of improved high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat but also through policy measures and development of institutional structure.

✅It included a vast agricultural research and technology transfer system at the national, regional, State and local levels.

✅The Training & Visit (T&V) system introduced in the 1970s with World Bank assistance was key to the science-society interface as it established a cadre of agriculture extension specialists at the local level.

● Ground reality of India’s food security needs:

✅India is now self-sufficient in food grains production in the macro sense. However, it has about a quarter of the world’s food insecure people, a pointer to the amount of food necessary to allow all income groups to reach the caloric target (2,400 kcal in rural and 2,100 kcal in the urban set-up).

✅Nutrition indicators have marginally improved over the years. However, macro- and micronutrient malnutrition is widespread, with 18.7% of women and 16.2% of men unable to access enough food to meet basic nutritional needs, and over 32% of children below five years still underweight as per the recently released fifth National Family Health Survey (2019-2021) phase 2 compendium.

✅India is ranked 101 out of 116 countries in the Global Hunger Index, 2021. Not surprisingly, widespread concerns about poverty, malnutrition and the need for a second Green Revolution are being made in tandem. The country faces the dual challenge of achieving nutrition security, as well as addressing declining land productivity, land degradation and loss of ecological services with change in land use.

● Steps needed to overcome the associated challenges:

✅The siloed approach of ‘agriculture’ serving ‘food security’ needs must give way to ‘food systems’ for ‘sustainability’ and ‘better nutrition’ and

✅It must embrace the range of activities and actors involved in food production, aggregation, processing, distribution and consumption embedded in their socio-economic and physical context.

✅In the context of the intensifying economic, environmental and climate challenges and crisis, the need of the hour is a good theory of transition encompassing the spatial, social and scientific dimensions.

✅It must be supported by policy incentives and mechanisms for achieving a sustainable, resilient and food secure agriculture.

● Enhancing sustainability:

✅An agro-climatic approach to agricultural development is important for sustainability and better nutrition.

✅Harnessing the spatial diversity of agricultural production systems adopting the principles of sustainability, resource efficiency and circularity could correct the limitations and unintended consequences of the Green Revolution.

✅These are the loss of indigenous landraces, soil nutrients depletion, groundwater stress, excessive use of agrochemicals and its residual presence in foods and environment, income gap between large, marginal and small farmers, and the gap between irrigated and rain-fed areas.

Understanding the Indus Water Treaty

■ Understanding the Indus Water Treaty

✅A 10-member delegation from India will visit Pakistan to attend the 117th meeting of the Permanent Indus Commission. 

✅The Indian Commissioner of Indus Waters will lead the delegation visiting Pakistan. 

● Pakistan's possible objections 

✅A possible objection to 3 hydro-power

projects: 

✅1. 1000 Megawatt (MW) Pakal Dul project, 

✅2. 48 MW Lower Kalnai project,

 

✅3. 624 MW Kiru project. 

● The Indus Waters Treaty 

✅The Inter-dominion accord was adopted in1948. 

✅India to supply water to Pakistan in exchange for an annual payment. 

✅It is a Water-Distribution Treaty signed in 1960 brokered by the World Bank. 

✅India has control over water flowing in the eastern rivers - Beas, Ravi and Sutlej. 

✅Pakistan has control over the western rivers Indus, Chenab and Jhelum. 

✅The water commissioners of Pakistan and India are required to meet twice a year. 

✅Both sides are required to share details of the water flow and the quantum of water being used. 

✅It sets out a mechanism for cooperation and information 

exchange between the two countries regarding their use of the rivers. 

● Some Key provisions 

✅It prescribed how water from the Six rivers of the Indus River System would be shared between India and Pakistan. 

✅3 western rivers - Indus, Chenab and Jhelum to Pakistan, 3 Eastern rivers -Ravi, Beas and Sutlej to India. 

✅80% of the share of water or about 135 Million Acre Feet (MAF) went to Pakistan, & the rest 33 MAF or 20% of water for India. 

✅Both sides to establish a Permanent Indus Commission constituted by permanent commissioners. 

● The functions of the commission include: 

✅1. serve as a forum for exchange of information on rivers, 

✅2. For continued cooperation, 

✅3. A first stop for resolution of conflicts. 

✅Annexure C allows India certain agricultural uses over the waters of Jhelum, Chenab and Indus. 

✅Annexure D allows India to build 'run of the river' hydropower projects(projects not requiring live storage of water). 

✅Treaty also allows Pakistan to raise objections over such projects being built by India. 

✅India is allowed to have a minimum storage level on the western rivers(can store up to 3.75 MAF of water for conservation and flood storage purposes). 

✅The IWT provides a 3 step dispute resolution mechanism: 

✅For unresolved questions and technical differences, either side can approach the World Bank. 

● Past Objections 

✅One of the longest objections from Pakistan's side is regarding the Kishanganga Hydro-Electric Project (KHEP). 

✅KHEP: diverting water for a 330 MW hydropower plant in Kashmir's Bandipora. 

✅Pakistan had raised objections regarding the height of the dam.

✅India agreed to alter the design by lowering its height from 97 meters to 37 meters. 

✅2010: Pakistan took the matter to the International Court of Arbitration. 

✅2013; Court gave India a green signal for the project. 

✅Pakistan had objected to the Salal dam project in 1970 over design concerns. 

✅followed by the 900 MW Baglihar Hydropower project.

 

● IWT and Political and Border conflicts

 

✅IWT has been brought up a couple of times during geo- poliical tension

between India and Pakistan. 

✅After Uri attack: PM states Blood and water cannot flow simultaneously.

 

✅Permanent Indus Commission talks were suspended for that year by the Indian side. 

✅Pulwama 2019: India for the first time threatened to cut off water supply to Pakistan from the Indus River System. 

● Conclusion

 

✅Though the IWT and geopolitical scenario are well connected, India never violated the treaty inspite of Pakistan's aggression at borders and their continuous activities to destabilize the region. 

Russia Ukraine Wa

Russia Ukraine Wa

🕎 *Russia Ukraine War:* रूस की सेना (Russian army) ने यूक्रेन के चेर्नोबिल न्यूक्लियर प्लांट (Chernobyl Nuclear Plant) पर कब्जा कर लिया है. 

🕎 इसकी पुष्टि यूक्रेन के राष्ट्रपति के सलाहकार मिखाइलो पोडोल्याक ने की है. राष्ट्रपति ने कहा कि ये कहना संभव नहीं है कि रूसी सेना के हमले के बाद चेर्नोबिल न्यूक्लियर पावर प्लांट सुरक्षित है.

🕎 रूस का दावा है उसने यूक्रेन के 70 सैन्य ठिकाने ध्वस्त कर दिए हैं तथा 50 सैनिकों को मार गिराए हैं. 

🕎 रूस के अनुसार उसने कीव का सैन्य एयरबेस एवं चेर्नोबिल न्यूक्लियर प्लांट भी अब अपने कब्जे में ले लिया है. 

🕎 आपको बता दें कि यह जगह यूक्रेन की राजधानी कीव से 108 किलोमीटर दूर है.

🕎 चेर्नोबिल प्लांट में अप्रैल 1986 में चौथे रिएक्टर में खराब सुरक्षा परीक्षण के बाद एक बहुत बड़ा परमाणु हादसा हुआ था.

🕎 ये हादसा सोवियत संघ के दौर में हुआ था उस वक्त इसे छिपाने की कोशिश भी की गई थी. इस हादसे में जान गंवाने वालों का कोई सही आंकड़ा मौजूद नहीं है. 

🕎 मीडिया रिपोर्ट के अनुसार, इस हादसे में सीधे या अप्रत्यक्ष तौर पर 90 हजार से ज्यादा लोगों की मौत हुई थी.

🕎 चेर्नोबिल प्लांट यूक्रेन के प्रिपयेत शहर में है. इस शहर को साल 1970 में बसाया गया था. इस शहर को अब एक मरा हुआ शहर कहते हैं जहां घर, स्कूल के कमरे, खेल के मैदान तथा अन्य स्थान उखड़ चुके हैं क्योंकि अब यहां कोई नहीं रहता.

🕎 रिपोर्ट्स के अनुसार आने वाले 24 हजार सालों तक ये जगह इंसानों के रहने लायक नहीं हो सकेगा.

National War Memorial

National War Memorial

☸️ *National War Memorial:* देश आज (25 फरवरी 2022) राष्ट्रीय युद्ध स्मारक की तीसरी वर्षगांठ मना रहा है.

✡️ इस अवसर पर नौसेना प्रमुख एडमिरल आर हरि कुमार और वायुसेना प्रमुख एयर चीफ मार्शल वीआर चौधरी ने राष्ट्रीय युद्ध स्मारक पर श्रद्धांजलि अर्पित की.

🔯 राष्ट्रीय युद्ध स्मारक की तीसरी वर्षगांठ पर जापान मैरीटाइम सेल्फ डिफेंस फ़ोर्स (जेएमएसडीएफ) के स्टाफ चीफ एडमिरल हिरोशी यामामुरा ने भी श्रद्धांजलि दी. 

☯️ बता दें, वीर सैनिकों के बलिदान के प्रमाण के रूप में राष्ट्रीय युद्ध स्मारक 25 फरवरी 2019 को राष्ट्र को समर्पित किया गया था.

1️⃣ प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी द्वारा राष्ट्रीय युद्ध स्मारक का उद्घाटन 25 फरवरी 2019 को किया गया था. यह युद्ध स्मारक देश के लिए शहीद होने वाले सैनिकों को श्रद्धांजलि के रूप में समर्पित है.

2️⃣ राष्ट्रीय युद्ध स्मारक को साल 1947 के बाद लड़े गए पांच युद्ध, काउंटर टेररिज्म ऑपरेशन, उग्रवाद के विरुद्ध जारी अभियानों में शहीद हुए कुल 26 हजार से अधिक भारतीयों की याद में बनाया गया है.

3️⃣ राष्ट्रीय युद्ध स्मारक पर उन 25,942 सैनिकों के नाम लिखे गये हैं जो आजादी के बाद देश के लिए शहीद हुए हैं.

4️⃣ राष्ट्रीय युद्ध स्मारक उन युद्ध नायकों को समर्पित है जिन्होंने साल 1962 में भारत-चीन युद्ध, साल 1947, साल 1965 और साल 1971 में भारत-पाक युद्ध, श्रीलंका में भारतीय शांति सेना के संचालन और साल 1999 में कारगिल युद्ध के दौरान अपने जान न्योछावर कर दिए थे.

5️⃣ यह उन सैनिकों को भी याद करता है जो संयुक्त राष्ट्र शांति मिशन, मानवीय सहायता आपदा राहत (एचएडीआर) संचालन और उग्रवाद विरोधी अभियानों में शहीद हुए थे.

6️⃣ अमर जवान ज्योति लौ को 21 जनवरी, 2022 को एक भव्य समारोह में राष्ट्रीय युद्ध स्मारक में शाश्वत लौ के साथ मिला दिया गया था.

7️⃣ राष्ट्रीय युद्ध स्मारक में चार संकेंद्रित वृत्त शामिल हैं जहां प्रत्येक चक्र अमर चक्र (अमरता का चक्र) सहित सशस्त्र बलों के विभिन्न मूल्यों को दर्शाता है, जिसमें ओबिलिस्क और शाश्वत लौ शामिल है।

8️⃣ अन्य चक्रों में वीरता चक्र (बहादुरी का चक्र) शामिल है, जिसमें विभिन्न युद्ध क्रियाओं को दर्शाते हुए छह कांस्य भित्ति चित्र हैं.

9️⃣ तीसरा चक्र त्याग चक्र (बलिदान का चक्र) है, जो पूरी तरह से ग्रेनाइट ईंटों से बना है, प्रत्येक स्वतंत्रता के बाद से शहीद सैनिक के नाम पर है.

🔟 चौथा है रक्षक चक्र (सुरक्षा का चक्र), जो अन्य तीन चक्रों को घेरता है और इसमें 600 से अधिक पेड़ होते हैं जो देश की रक्षा करने वाले सैनिकों का कार्य और प्रतिनिधित्व करते है.

Sustainable Cities India Program

🔆Sustainable Cities India Program

✅Why in News : the World Economic Forum and the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) signed a MoU to collaborate on a jointly designed ‘Sustainable Cities India program’.

🔸The ‘Sustainable Cities India' intends to enable cities to decarbonise in a systematic and sustainable way that will reduce emissions and deliver resilient and equitable urban ecosystems.

🔸This initiative is in synergy with India’s commitment to turn net zero by 2070 as a climate mitigation response at COP26.

▪️What are the Key Points of ‘Sustainable Cities India Program’?

✅The program aims to create an enabling environment for cities to generate decarbonization solutions across the energy, transport, and the built environment sectors.

✅The Forum and NIUA will adapt the Forum’s City Sprint process and Toolbox of Solutions for decarbonization in the context of five to seven Indian cities across two years.

✅City Sprint Process: The City Sprint process is a series of multi-sectoral, multi-stakeholder workshops involving business, government, and civil society leaders to enable decarbonization, especially through clean electrification and circularity.

✅Toolbox of Solutions: It provides a digital platform containing over 200 examples of clean electrification, efficiency and smart infrastructure best practices and case studies across buildings, energy systems and mobility from over 110 cities around the world.

▪️What is the Need for Decarbonisation?

✅As per the World Economic Forum’s Global Risks Report 2022, densely populated countries that are highly dependent on agriculture, such as India, are especially vulnerable to climate insecurity.

Decarbonization in cities is a real opportunity to keep global warming well below 2°C and cities in India can make an enormous contribution in reaching this goal.

✅The World Economic Forum’s Net Zero Carbon Cities’ mission is to create an enabling environment for clean electrification and circularity, resulting in urban decarbonization and resilience.

✅The program aims to do this by fostering public-private collaboration to bridge the gap across the energy, built environment and transport sectors.

Medaram Jathara

🔆 Medaram Jathara

✅ Asia’s largest tribal festival started with enormous traditional vigour experiencing a large number of pilgrims and devotees from all across the country.

♻️ The Medaram Jathara:

✅ It is the second-largest fair in India after Kumbh Mela and is celebrated by the Koya tribe of Telangana. 

✅ The celebration continues for four days.

✅ This festival is with the objective of honouring the goddesses Sammakka and Saralamma. Saralamma was the daughter of Sammakka. 

✅ It is celebrated once every two years in the month of Magha (February) on the full moon day. 

✅ The idol of Saralamma is installed in the temple at Kannepalli, a small village near Medaram. 

✅ The rituals are performed by the Koya priests called Kaka Vaddes.

♻️ Traditional music is played with: 

🔸 Doli – cylindrical drum

🔸 Akkum – Brass blowing instrument

🔸 Thootha Kommu – Bison horn blowing instrument

🔸 Cymbals

✅ This celebration has been supported by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs along with proactive measures to promote and preserve tribal traditions. 

♻️ About the Koya Tribes:

✅ They constitute a very unique way of community life and a common cultural heritage. 

✅ Koyas are identified as a warrior tribe.

✅ They speak Odia and Telugu languages. 

✅ The last queen of Malkangiri named Bagaru Devi had a large Koya army with the help of which she defeated Ramachandra Deva III of Jeypore. 

✅ In 1880, during the British period, the Koya rebellion took place under the leadership of Koya youth Tama Dora. 

✅ They opposed the British government in many ways.

✅ The principal tribe is found in the Malkangiri district of south Odisha.

✅ They are also found in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Chattisgarh apart from Odisha. 

✅ Koyas are widely distributed in Kalimela, Mottu, Podia, Mathili and Kokonda blocks. 

✅ The Koyas of Malkangiri are ethno-culturally connected to Bison-horn Murias of adjacent Chhattisgarh. 

✅ They are known as Madia in the Sukuma region and Dorla in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh. 

✅ They are engaged in shifting cultivation and presently they indulge in settled cultivation. The major crops cultivated by the Koyas include paddy, maize, millet and tobacco leaf. 

✳️ Mains: Preserving the tribal tradition and culture

LIMITATION OF PORTUGAL

🏮 LIMITATION OF PORTUGAL.

📍 Portugal was a small country, and though developed rapidly in the field of commerce, its financial resources were limited. German and Italian merchants and merchant houses became the principal agents for distributing all over Europe the eastern goods brought to Lisbon by the Portuguese.

📍 Demand in Asia for European goods which could be exchanged for purchase of pepper and other eastern goods was limited. Hence, precious metals, especially silver had to be exported. But portuguese did not had Silver.

📍 The share of the private Portuguese traders in the Portuguese trade to Europe rose sharply, amounting to over 90 per cent of the total.

📍 The expectation of the Portuguese king that Portuguese control of the coastal trade of India would pay for the export of pepper and other eastern goods to Europe also remained a misnomer. 

India’s Position on the Way Forward on Siachen

📝India’s Position on the Way Forward on Siachen 

🔶India has stated that the present ground positions on the Saltoro ridge should be demarcated and authenticated on a map before any demilitarisation could be conducted, fearing that once India withdraws from the region, the Pakistan Army could occupy the high ground, something the latter was weeks close to doing when the Indian occupation took place in 1984 after operation Meghdoot. 

🔶 India has therefore insisted that joint demarcation of the Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL) on the ground as well as the map should be the first step to be followed by a joint verification agreement and redeployment of forces to mutually agreed positions.

IPL 2022

🌈 *IPL 2022:* इंडियन प्रीमियर लीग (IPL) के 15वें सीजन की शुरुआत 26 मार्च 2022 से होगी. आपको बता दें कि इसका फाइनल मुकाबला 29 मई 2022 को खेला जाएगा.

🌈 ये फैसला आइपीएल गवर्निंग काउंसिल की बैठक में लिया गया. ब्रिजेश पटेल की अगुआई में हुई इस बैठक में बीसीसीआई अध्यक्ष सौरव गांगुली ने वर्चुअल तरीके से हिस्सा लिया क्योंकि वो इस समय लंदन में हैं.

🌈 मीडिया रिपोर्ट के अनुसार, आईपीएल का आयोजन इस बार मुंबई और पुणे में किया जाएगा. 

🌈 आईपीएल 26 मार्च से शुरू होगा तथा चार मैदानों पर ही सभी लीग मुकाबले खेले जाएंगे.

🌈 इनमें मुंबई में कुल 55 मैच होंगे, जबकि 15 मैच पुणे में खेले जाएंगे. माना जा रहा है कि इन चार स्टेडियम में इस बार फैन्स को प्रवेश मिल सकती है.

🌈 आपको बता दें कि इस बार आईपीएल में कुल 10 टीमें होंगी. अहमदाबाद और लखनऊ की फ्रेंचाइज़ी पहली बार आईपीएल का हिस्सा होंगी. दोनों ही टीमों को अपने घरेलू मैदान पर आईपीएल मैच खेलने का मौका नहीं मिलेगा.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

■ Decommissing the International Space Station 

✅NASA plans to decommission the International Space Station (ISS) by 2031. 

● What is the ISS? 

✅The ISS was launched in 1998 as part of joint efforts by the U.S., Russia, Japan, Canada and Europe. 

✅It operates in low-earth orbit. 

✅The ISS has served as a laboratory suspended in space and has aided multiple scientific and technological developments. 

✅ISS has consistently maintained a human presence for the past 21 years, providing astronauts with sophisticated technologies for scientific research. 

● Why is NASA planning to decommission the ISS? 

✅The space station has already surpassed that checkpoint of 15 years by being active for 21 years, with plans to continue operations till 2030. 

✅However, the limitations on the life-cycle of the station are catching up. The ISS goes through 16 rotations of the earth per day, causing extreme temperature changes on the exterior.

✅The side facing the sun can get heated up to 121°C While the temperature on the opposite, darker side can fall to 157°C, causing intense expansion and contraction of the building material. 

✅The orbital thermal cycling, coupled with dynamic loading, affects the longevity of the primary structure of the space station.

 

✅The technical lifetime is also limited by parts like radiators, modules and truss structures that tend to degrade over time. 

● What is the procedure to de-orbit the ISS? 

✅NASA plans to remove the ISS from its orbit around the earth and eventually plunge it into the ocean at a point farthest from human civilization. 

✅The space agency will use the dual method of natural orbit decay and a re-entry maneuver to bring an end to the ISS. 

✅According to the plan, the earth's natural atmospheric drag will be used in lowering the altitude of the ISS while 

setting up the de-orbit. 

✅The space station operators will then provide the final push to it to lower the structure to the maximum possible height and ensure safe re-entry into the earth's atmosphere, leading it to Point Nemo over the South Pacific Oceanic Uninhabited Area (SPOUA). 

✅The exterior of the modules is expected to melt while re-entering the earth's atmosphere. The exposed internal hardware is also expected to burn or vaporize during the process. 

✅It is believed that denser components like the truss sections will survive the re-entry and fall into the SPOUA. 

● Are there any environmental hazards associated with the plan? 

✅NASA claims that the debris of the ISS that survives the re-entry will settle on the ocean floor and not cause any substantial long-term impact. 

● What is the future of space stations? 

✅As the ISS plans to end operations in space, new players are already lining up to replace it. 

✅In January 2022, China announced that its space station will be ready for operations this year. 

✅Blue Origin, the aerospace company founded by Jeff Bezos, has also announced its plans to build Orbital Reef, a commercially developed, owned, and operated space station in low-earth orbit. Blue Origin is working alongside Sierra Space on the project. 

■ Decommissing the International Space Station 

✅NASA plans to decommission the International Space Station (ISS) by 2031. 

● What is the ISS? 

✅The ISS was launched in 1998 as part of joint efforts by the U.S., Russia, Japan, Canada and Europe. 

✅It operates in low-earth orbit. 

✅The ISS has served as a laboratory suspended in space and has aided multiple scientific and technological developments. 

✅ISS has consistently maintained a human presence for the past 21 years, providing astronauts with sophisticated technologies for scientific research. 

● Why is NASA planning to decommission the ISS? 

✅The space station has already surpassed that checkpoint of 15 years by being active for 21 years, with plans to continue operations till 2030. 

✅However, the limitations on the life-cycle of the station are catching up. The ISS goes through 16 rotations of the earth per day, causing extreme temperature changes on the exterior.

✅The side facing the sun can get heated up to 121°C While the temperature on the opposite, darker side can fall to 157°C, causing intense expansion and contraction of the building material. 

✅The orbital thermal cycling, coupled with dynamic loading, affects the longevity of the primary structure of the space station.

 

✅The technical lifetime is also limited by parts like radiators, modules and truss structures that tend to degrade over time. 

● What is the procedure to de-orbit the ISS? 

✅NASA plans to remove the ISS from its orbit around the earth and eventually plunge it into the ocean at a point farthest from human civilization. 

✅The space agency will use the dual method of natural orbit decay and a re-entry maneuver to bring an end to the ISS. 

✅According to the plan, the earth's natural atmospheric drag will be used in lowering the altitude of the ISS while 

setting up the de-orbit. 

✅The space station operators will then provide the final push to it to lower the structure to the maximum possible height and ensure safe re-entry into the earth's atmosphere, leading it to Point Nemo over the South Pacific Oceanic Uninhabited Area (SPOUA). 

✅The exterior of the modules is expected to melt while re-entering the earth's atmosphere. The exposed internal hardware is also expected to burn or vaporize during the process. 

✅It is believed that denser components like the truss sections will survive the re-entry and fall into the SPOUA. 

● Are there any environmental hazards associated with the plan? 

✅NASA claims that the debris of the ISS that survives the re-entry will settle on the ocean floor and not cause any substantial long-term impact. 

● What is the future of space stations? 

✅As the ISS plans to end operations in space, new players are already lining up to replace it. 

✅In January 2022, China announced that its space station will be ready for operations this year. 

✅Blue Origin, the aerospace company founded by Jeff Bezos, has also announced its plans to build Orbital Reef, a commercially developed, owned, and operated space station in low-earth orbit. Blue Origin is working alongside Sierra Space on the project. 

Asian Waterbird Census (AWC)

🔆Asian Waterbird Census (AWC)

 

✅ Why in News: in the Asian Waterbird Census has found lower waterbird species diversity at East Delhi’s Sanjay Lake when compared to the count from the past three years. 

 

✅ It is an integral part of the global waterbird monitoring programme, the International Waterbird Census (IWC), coordinated by Wetlands International. 

✅ AWC is held in the month of January every year.  

✅ The major regions covered under AWC are Southeast Asia, Australasia, East Asian – Australasian Flyway, region between Afghanistan and Japan.  

✅ It was initiated in 1987 in the Indian subcontinent. 

✅ In India AWC is jointly coordinated by the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) and Wetlands International. 

✅During the census, the volunteers visit the wetlands and count the waterbirds.

AURORAS

■ AURORAS

◇ Aurora is the name given to the luminous glow in the upper atmosphere of the Earth which is produced by charged particles (solar wind) descending from the planet's magnetosphere.

◇ Positive ions slowly drift westward, and negative ions drift eastward, giving rise to a ring current. This current reduces the magnetic field at the Earth's surface.

◇ Some of these particles penetrate the ionosphere and collide with the atoms there.

◇ This results in an excitation of the oxygen and nitrogen molecular electrons. The molecules get back to their original state by emitting photons of light which are the aurorae.

◇ The charged particles follow magnetic field lines which are oriented in and out of our planet and its atmosphere near the magnetic poles. Therefore, aurorae mostly are seen to occur at high latitudes.

Geographical Indication In News

🔆Geographical Indication In News:

 

▪️Products : Categories -States/UTs

 

✅Kashmir Saffron : Agriculture - Jammu & Kashmir

 

✅Manipuri Black Rice : Food Stuff - Manipur

 

✅Kandhamal Haladi : Agricultural - Odisha

 

✅Rasagola : Food Stuff - Odisha

 

✅Kodaikanal Malai Poondu : Agricultural - Tamil Nadu

 

✅Pawndum : Handicraft - Mizoram

 

✅Ngotekherh : Handicraft - Mizoram

 

✅Hmaram : Handicraft - Mizoram

 

✅Palani Panchamirtham : Food Stuff - Tamil Nadu

 

✅Tawlhlohpuan : Handicraft - Mizoram

 

✅Mizo Puanchei : Handicraft - Mizoram

 

✅Gulbarga Tur Dal : Agricultural - Karnataka

 

✅Tirur Betel Leaf (Tirur Vettila) : Agricultural - Kerala

 

✅Khola Chilli : Agricultural -Goa

 

✅Idu Mishmi Textiles : Handicraft - Arunachal  

Pradesh

 

✅Dindigul Locks : Manufactured -Tamil Nadu

 

✅Kandangi Saree : Handicraft - Tamil Nadu

 

✅Srivilliputtur Palkova : Food Stuff - Tamil Nadu

 

✅Kaji Nemu : Agricultural - Assam

TEMPLES IN KASHMIR

🖍️TEMPLES IN KASHMIR

♦️The Kashmiri temple architecture has its unique features suited to local geography and are renowned for its exquisite stone carvings. Due to its location on the important trade routes, the architectural style is inspired by 

many foreign sources. 

♦️Temple making reached a great height under the rulers of Karkota dynasty and Utpala dynasty. 

The main features of Kashmir style of architecture are: 

♦️ Trefoil arches (Gandhara influence)Cellular layout and enclosed courtyard 

♦️Straight-edged pyramidal roof 

♦️Column walls (Greek influence) 

♦️Triangular pediments (Greek influence) 

♦️Relatively more number of steps

🖍️ ARCHITECTURAL IN KASHMIR

♦️Development of Kashmiri architecture can be broadly divided into two important phases of its political rule – early medieval Hindu phase and 14th century onwards Muslim rule.

♦️No major monuments that were made prior to 600 AD exist, except few Buddhist monuments like monastery and stupas (now in ruins) were discovered at Harwan and Ushkar.